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广东“文物医生”李涛：妙手匠心让文物起死回生******

　　中新网广州11月21日电 题：广东“文物医生”李涛：妙手匠心让文物起死回生

　　中新网记者 程景伟

　　在纪录片《南粤工匠》中，一件残破不全的清朝光绪年间书法名家作品，摆在了2021年“南粤工匠”称号获得者、广东省博物馆文物保护科技中心有机文物修复组组长李涛的“手术台”上。由于在岭南乡间民宅尘封百余年，该作品上的字迹如同断了线的珍珠散落开来。这件让很多人一看无法挽救的书法作品，在李涛手中却有了起死回生的可能。

　　“判断文物材质、区分病害类型、计算病害程度、绘制病害图等，通过设计一套完整的‘治疗’方案，确保每一步都‘药到病除’。”确立了方案后，李涛开始了修复“手术”，棕刷、排笔、糨糊等工具轮番上阵，染、刷、推、压、刮等技法一一上场，使得原来破损的文物焕然生辉，零圭断璧重回连城之价。

　　纪录片《南粤工匠》11月18日在珠江频道首播，首集讲述了文物修复师李涛的匠心故事。日前，李涛在广州接受了记者采访。

　　在李涛看来，除了本身技术要过硬，跨学科合作也是南粤工匠突破自我的体现。他说：“文物修复与保护本身就是跨学科的综合性工作，广东省博物馆文物保护科技中心既有生物学博士，也有化学、材料和仪器分析等领域的专家。很多修复方案制定前，需要对文物的保存情况进行鉴定，用专业设备检测文物主要构成成分，内部结构的损伤程度等，才能进一步‘对症下药’。”

　　李涛经常打交道的书画文物，主要是以纸张、画绢为材料的书写、印刷和绘画作品，其本体为动植物纤维类有机物质，容易受到环境的影响，温度、湿度、光照、空气污染物以及氧气、酸和碱等都会直接或间接影响书画文物的寿命，导致出现发黄、褪色、机械强度下降，甚至出现粉化等现象；此外，这类书画文物还是昆虫、霉菌最爱光顾的“营养基”。

　　因此，每一件文物艺术品进入广东省博物馆库房前，都要进行消毒杀菌。“不然，库房内其它原本‘健康’的书画文物会一起遭殃。”近年来，李涛接到的“病号”种类越来越广泛，除了狭义的古代书画外，还有地契、中外古籍、隋唐写经、圣旨诰命等。其所修复的藏品质地，也可以细分为绢本、宣纸和机械纸等许多类型。

　　作为古今的“摆渡人”，文物修复师要常怀敬畏之心，李涛常告诫自己：“你做过的东西，能不能经得起后人推敲，能不能经得起时间的检验。”

　　“我们经手的文物都有附带一个修复档案，详细记录了修复时间、技法、原材料等信息。”李涛希望，在有生之年，其修复过的文物依然保存完整，“那将是对我职业生涯的最大肯定”。(完)

中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******

　　中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。

　　资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄

　　由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。

　　麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。

　　一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。

　　此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。

　　作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。

　　美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。

　　这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。

　　从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。

　　两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。

　　House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy

　　(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".

　　The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.

　　Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.

　　On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.

　　On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.

　　Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.

　　As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.

　　But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.

　　CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.

　　This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.

　　Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.

　　From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.

　　Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.

　　The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.

　　（文图：赵筱尘 巫邓炎）